Knowing the basics of UAE labour law helps you protect your rights, avoid misunderstandings with your employer and make better decisions about job offers. The private sector in the UAE is governed mainly by Federal Decree-Law No. 33 of 2021 on the Regulation of Labour Relations and its implementing regulations, which introduced significant reforms when they came into force in 2022.
This article summarises the key points most employees should understand. It is general information, not legal advice. For your specific situation, consult the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MOHRE) or a qualified legal professional. Note that some free zones, such as those in the financial centres, have their own employment laws.
Employment contracts
Every employee should have a written employment contract registered with MOHRE for mainland companies. Under the current law, contracts are fixed-term and can be renewed. Your contract should state your job title, salary, allowances, working hours, place of work, notice period and start date. Read it carefully before signing, and keep a copy.
If the offer letter you received differs from the contract you are asked to sign, raise the difference before signing.
Working hours and overtime
Standard working hours in the private sector are generally up to eight hours per day or 48 hours per week, with reduced hours during the holy month of Ramadan. Overtime is permitted within limits and must be compensated. Overtime is typically paid at the normal hourly wage plus a premium, with a higher premium for work between 10 pm and 4 am, unless the employee works in shifts. Employees are also entitled to at least one paid rest day per week.
Annual leave and other leave
Employees are generally entitled to 30 calendar days of paid annual leave per year after completing one year of service, and two days per month if they have served more than six months but less than a year. The law also provides for sick leave, maternity leave, parental leave, bereavement leave and study leave under certain conditions. Public holidays announced by the government are paid days off.
Probation periods
Employers may set a probation period of up to six months. During probation, either party can end the contract with notice as set out in the law, and there are specific rules if an employee leaves to join another employer in the UAE. Probation cannot be extended beyond the legal maximum or repeated with the same employer.
Wages and the Wage Protection System
Salaries must be paid on time and in the agreed currency, usually through the Wage Protection System (WPS), which records payments electronically. Employers cannot make unauthorised deductions from your salary. If your salary is delayed, you can raise a complaint with MOHRE.
End-of-service gratuity
Employees who complete at least one year of continuous service are entitled to an end-of-service gratuity. For full-time employees, this is generally calculated as 21 days' basic salary for each of the first five years and 30 days' basic salary for each additional year, subject to a maximum. Because gratuity is based on basic salary, the split between basic pay and allowances in your contract matters.
Your passport and recruitment costs
Employers are not permitted to keep an employee's official documents, including passports, without consent. Employers are also responsible for recruitment and visa costs and should not charge these to employees. Anyone asking you to pay for a job should be treated with suspicion.
Unemployment insurance
Most private-sector and federal government employees are required to subscribe to the Involuntary Loss of Employment insurance scheme. It provides temporary income support if you lose your job for reasons other than disciplinary dismissal or resignation, subject to eligibility conditions.
Resolving disputes
If you have a dispute with your employer, first try to resolve it internally. If that fails, you can file a complaint with MOHRE through its website, app or call centre. Keep copies of your contract, payslips and correspondence as evidence.
Conclusion
Understanding UAE labour law basics gives you confidence when accepting offers and managing your career. Always keep your documents organised and verify details with official sources. When you are ready for your next role, browse jobs on Hire Emirates Hub for reviewed vacancies across the UAE.